Apego y relaciones

El apego es una necesidad biológica innata (Bowlby, 1980, 1979, 1969), un vínculo profundo entre el niño y su cuidador, que se instaura desde el nacimiento y permite al niño desarrollar su manera de ser, de experimentar y representar las relaciones afectivas cercanas (Gillath et al., 2016; Mikulincer & Shaver 2007; Wallin, 2007; Bretherton & Munholland, 1999; Brennan et al., 1998; Grossman, 1995; Griffin, & Bartholomew, 1994; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Feeney & Noller, 1990; Main, 1990; Main & Solomon, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Ainsworth, 1969; Ainsworth et al., 1978).

El vínculo de apego se expresa a través de patrones de comportamiento, biológicamente predispuestos, que se desarrollan a través de la interacción repetida con personas afectivamente significativas, que permiten la adaptabilidad de la descendencia al entorno y la preservación de la especie.

Se desarrolla progresivamente a partir de la primera infancia, influye en las expectativas y comportamiento tanto del niño como del adulto y moldea sus interacciones con otras personas, aunque también puede ser modificado por las experiencias relacionales (Gillath et al., 2016; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007; Wallin, 2007; Grossman, 1995; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994; Main, 1990; Main & Solomon, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).


Artículos en PSISE Madrid


Referencias

  1. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1969). Object relations, dependency, and attachment: A theoretical review of the infant-mother relationship. Child development, 969-1025.
  2. Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Classic edition published 2015 by Psychology Press. New York & London: Routledge.
  3. Bartholomew, K. y Horowitz, L. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.
  4. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss: Attachment; John Bowlby. Basic books.
  5. Bowlby, J. (1979). The bowlby-ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(4), 637-638.
  6. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Volume III: Loss, sadness and depression. In Attachment and Loss: Volume III: Loss, Sadness and Depression (pp. 1-462). London: The Hogarth press and the institute of psycho-analysis.
  7. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview.
  8. Bretherton, I., & Munholland, K. A. (1999). Internal working models in attachment relationships: A construct revisited. In J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver (Eds., pp.89-114), Handbook of Attachment. New York: Guilford Press.
  9. Feeney, J. A., & Noller, P. (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 281.
  10. Gillath, O., Karantzas, G. C., & Fraley, R. C. (2016). Adult attachment: A concise introduction to theory and research. Academic Press.
  11. Griffin, D.W. y Bartholomew, K. (1994). The methaphysics of measurement: The case of adult attachment. En K. Bartholomew y D. Perlman (Eds.) Advances in personal relationships: Vol.5. Attachment processes in adulthood (pp. 17-52). London: Jessica Kingsley.
  12. Grossman, K. (1995). Evolution and history of attachment research. In S. Goldberg, R. Muir, & J. Kerr (Eds.), Attachment theory: Social developmental and clinical perspectives (pp. 85–122). Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
  13. Hazan, C. y Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
  14. Main, M. (1990). Cross-cultural studies of attachment organization: Recent studies, changing methodologies, and the concept of conditional strategies. Human development, 33(1), 48-61.
  15. Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention, 1, 121-160.
  16. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. Guilford Press.
  17. Wallin, D. J. (2007). Attachment in psychotherapy. New York: Guilford press.

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